Actor 誰Act 做了什麼Object 對誰Standard 法律標準Consequence 後果
① Visual Scene
What is happening?
畫面裡發生了什麼？點擊每個標籤，看它在法律上代表什麼。
Tap each coloured label on the scene.
Defendant (D) — the Actor. The person who acts. In a battery, D is the one who brings about the contact. 被告 / 行為人 —— 主動做出動作的人。
The push — the Act. A voluntary, willed bodily movement by D. The act is what D does, not what D feels. "推" 這個動作 —— D 自主、有意做出的身體動作。
Plaintiff (P) — the Object. The person to whom the act happens. Battery protects P's bodily integrity. 原告 / 受動方 —— 動作所指向的人。
Harmful or offensive contact — the Standard. The legal test. The contact need not injure; it is enough that it would offend a reasonable sense of personal dignity. 法律標準：接觸不必造成傷害，只要它會冒犯理性人的人格尊嚴感即可。
Intent — part of the Act. D must intend the contact (or be substantially certain it will occur). Note: intent to contact, not intent to injure. 故意 —— D 必須故意造成 "接觸"，而非故意造成 "傷害"。這是關鍵區別。
② Core Terms
Seven words you must own
本單元只學 7 個術語。點擊卡片翻面看法律含義。
Tap a card to flip it.
③ Issue Meaning
What does this topic ask?
一個法律標題不是一個題目，而是一個法律問題。
"Battery" really asks: Did the defendant intentionally cause a harmful or offensive contact with the plaintiff — so that the defendant is liable, even if the plaintiff suffered no injury?
這個問題不是問 "有沒有受傷"，而是問：D 是否 故意 造成了一次 有害或冒犯性的接觸。只要接觸本身滿足標準，即使 P 毫髮無損，battery 也成立。
Issue-spotting drill 識別問題： When the facts show one person deliberately touching, hitting, pushing, spitting on, or grabbing another — the issue is battery. 看到 "故意觸碰 / 擊打 / 推搡 / 吐口水 / 抓扯" 這類事實，就要想到 battery 這個 issue。
Battery requires the defendant's intentional act causing a harmful or offensive contact with the plaintiff's person; offensiveness is judged by a reasonable-person standard, and transferred intent applies.
Source: Restatement (Second) of Torts § 13. 來自《侵權法重述（第二版）》第 13 條。
⑥ Sentence Anatomy
Five colored parts — always
把規則句拆成 5 個彩色零件 —— Actor / Act / Object / Standard / Consequence。這套顏色會在全部 16 科重複出現。
Actor 行為人
the defendant
執行動作的人
Act + mental state 行為與心理狀態
intentional act
自主動作 + 故意
Object 作用對象
with the plaintiff's person
接觸落在 P 的身體上
Standard 法律標準
harmful or offensive · reasonable-person test
接觸是否越過 "冒犯" 門檻
Consequence 法律後果
liable for battery
滿足以上要件 → 責任成立
同一套五個零件，會在 16 科每一句 rule 裡重複出現 —— 這就是為什麼顏色不變。
⑦ Casebook Snapshot
How U.S. courts teach this
美國法學院用案例教學。每節課看一個經典案例，只看法官最核心的 holding。
Garratt v. Dailey
Washington Supreme Court, 1955 · the pulled-away-chair case
Simplified Holding
Intent for battery exists when the defendant knows with substantial certainty that a contact will result — even if the defendant does not actually want to cause harm.
Why It Matters Here
Battery intent is not limited to wanting to hurt someone. Knowing that contact is substantially certain to occur is enough.
Battery 的 intent 不要求 D "想傷害" P。只要 D 知道接觸幾乎必然發生，也構成 intent。
This is a simplified statement of the court's holding, written for study — not a quotation. 這是為學習而簡化的 holding 表述，並非原文引用。
Did D commit battery when D deliberately pushed P in the chest?
Rule 規則
Battery requires an intentional act causing harmful or offensive contact with another person.
Application 適用
D deliberately pushed P in the chest during a meeting. Because battery requires an
act causing a harmful or
contact with another person, the fact that D deliberately pushed P's chest means
.
Conclusion 結論
Therefore, D
,
and P may recover
.
The Application formula Application always uses one pattern: Because [the rule], the fact that [what happened] means [what it amounts to in law]. Always say what the fact means in law — never just point to a section number. Application 永遠用這個公式：Because [規則]，the fact that [事實] means [法律意義]。要說出事實的 "法律意義"，不要只甩法條號。
⑨ Common Mistakes
Where Chinese learners slip
這些是中文母語學習者最常踩的坑。看懂它們，等於提前避開失分點。
"Battery" 就是 "電池" / 普通 "打架"。
Battery = an intentional harmful or offensive contact.
D jokingly pushed P in the chest during a meeting. P was not physically injured, but a reasonable person would find the contact offensive. Is D liable for battery?
⑪ Mini Essay
Write one IRAC paragraph
這是你的第一道迷你 Essay。讀事實、回答 call、寫一段 IRAC。寫完後再展開 model answer 對照。
Facts
During a class discussion, D became annoyed with P. D deliberately pushed P in the chest. P stumbled but was not physically injured.
Call
Did D commit battery?
Your Task
Write one short IRAC paragraph — Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion.
Issue
The issue is whether D committed battery by pushing P in the chest.
Rule
Battery requires an intentional act causing harmful or offensive contact with another person.
Application
D deliberately pushed P in the chest during the class discussion. Because battery requires an intentional act causing harmful or offensive contact with another person, the fact that D deliberately pushed P in the chest means D willed a bodily contact that a reasonable person would regard as offensive to personal dignity.
Conclusion
Therefore, D committed battery, even though P suffered no physical injury.
Notice the Application. It is one fact sentence + one Because sentence: Because [the rule], the fact that [what happened] means [its legal significance]. Do not write loose analysis like "D pushed P, so this is battery." Application = 一句事實 + 一句 Because 公式句。
⑫ Practice Drill
Lock it in
手機友好：不用打字。點擊詞塊，按正確順序拼出 rule。
Tap the chips in the right order to rebuild the rule:
Speaking drill · 朗讀練習：read this aloud 3 times —
"D intentionally caused a harmful or offensive contact with P. Therefore, D is liable for battery."
