Injunctions (Permanent & Preliminary)
Remedies · Lesson 04
Injunctions (Permanent & Preliminary)
這一課問的是：P 是否滿足永久或臨時禁令之四要件？
ActorActObjectStandardConsequence
Visual Scene · the picture in your head
Issue. Does P meet the four-factor test for a permanent or preliminary injunction?
這一課問的是：P 是否滿足永久或臨時禁令之四要件？
Core Terminology · 7 must-know
Tap a card to flip and reveal the meaning.
permanent injunction
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Final equitable order prohibiting/commanding conduct.
永久禁令。
preliminary injunction
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Pre-trial order preserving status quo.
臨時禁令。
TRO
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Temporary restraining order — emergency relief.
臨時限制令。
eBay v. MercExchange
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Four factors for permanent injunction.
eBay 四要件。
Winter v. NRDC
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Standard for preliminary injunction.
Winter 標準。
irreparable harm
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Harm not adequately compensable by damages.
不可修復之傷害。
balance of equities
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Hardships weighed between parties.
衡平之衡量。
Issue · what this lesson is really about
Does P meet the four-factor test for a permanent or preliminary injunction?
這一課問的是：P 是否滿足永久或臨時禁令之四要件？
Trigger words & phrases that should flag this issue:
injunctionirreparable harmbalance of hardshipspublic interestTRO
Expression Bank · how lawyers actually say it
Six function → sentence patterns. Use these in essay applications.
| Function | English sentence | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| Apply eBay | Permanent injunction requires (1) irreparable harm, (2) damages inadequate, (3) balance of equities favors P, (4) public interest. | eBay 四要件。 |
| Apply Winter | Preliminary injunction adds likely success on merits. | Winter 增加勝訴可能性。 |
| State TRO | TRO may issue ex parte under Rule 65(b) for immediate irreparable harm. | Rule 65(b) 臨時限制令可單方緊急發出。 |
Rule Sentence · the workhorse
A plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction must show (1) irreparable harm, (2) inadequate legal remedies, (3) balance of equities favoring relief, and (4) that the public interest is not harmed; preliminary injunctions add (5) likelihood of success on the merits.
Sentence Anatomy · 5 roles, 5 colors
Every rule sentence breaks into five visual roles.
Actor 行為人plaintiff原告
Act 行為seeking injunction請求禁令
Object 對象threatened or ongoing harm威脅或進行中之損害
Standard 法律標準eBay four factors (+ Winter)eBay 四要件 (+ Winter)
Consequence 後果equitable relief granted or denied衡平救濟准否
Casebook Snapshot · a real American case
eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
Holding. A plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction must satisfy the traditional four-factor test, even in patent infringement cases: irreparable injury, inadequacy of legal remedies, balance of hardships, and public interest. No presumption of injunction attaches to legal entitlement.
Why it matters. eBay restored uniform application of the four-factor injunction test across legal areas.
eBay：禁令仍須四要件 — 即便專利案件亦然。
Common Mistakes · what trips students
✗ damages 足以救濟仍可獲 injunction。
✓ Inadequate remedy at law is a prerequisite.
法律救濟不足為必要。
✗ preliminary 與 permanent 相同。
✓ Preliminary requires likelihood of success on merits.
臨時須勝訴可能。
Mini IRAC · build the Application
Issue. Should the court issue a preliminary injunction restraining D from continuing to dump pollutants into P's groundwater while litigation is pending?
Rule. A preliminary injunction requires likelihood of success on the merits, irreparable harm, balance of equities favoring P, and public interest.
Application (model). P alleges ongoing pollutant dumping; expert evidence supports a strong likelihood of success on the trespass and nuisance claims; the harm is contamination of groundwater that cannot be undone with money. Because preliminary injunctive relief requires likelihood of success, irreparable harm, balance, and public interest, the fact that groundwater contamination is irreversible, P has strong evidence on the merits, the equities favor preserving the environment, and the public interest supports clean water means all four factors are satisfied.
Pick the right element for each blank:
g1.
g2.
g3.
Conclusion. Therefore, the court should issue a preliminary injunction.
MBE Check · multiple choice
P seeks an injunction barring D from continuing to breach a non-compete. D has resumed selling in P's territory. What must P show for permanent injunction?
Practice Drill · tap to build the rule
Drop the chips here in correct order:
Tap chips to add → tap chips in the target to remove: