Standing in Administrative Cases
Administrative Law · Lesson 06
Standing in Administrative Cases
這一課問的是：原告是否具備挑戰機關行為之訴訟資格？
ActorActObjectStandardConsequence
Visual Scene · the picture in your head
Issue. Does the plaintiff have standing to challenge the agency action?
這一課問的是：原告是否具備挑戰機關行為之訴訟資格？
Core Terminology · 7 must-know
Tap a card to flip and reveal the meaning.
Article III standing
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Constitutional minimum: injury, causation, redressability.
第三條訴訟資格。
prudential standing
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Non-constitutional limits.
審慎訴訟資格。
zone of interests
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Plaintiff's interest must fall within statute's zone of protection.
保護領域。
aggrieved party
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APA § 702: standing to challenge agency action.
受害當事人。
informational standing
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Standing based on denial of statutorily required information.
資訊訴訟資格。
competitor standing
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Standing where regulation affects market competition.
競爭者訴訟資格。
associational standing
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Organization sues on behalf of members.
團體訴訟資格。
Issue · what this lesson is really about
Does the plaintiff have standing to challenge the agency action?
這一課問的是：原告是否具備挑戰機關行為之訴訟資格？
Trigger words & phrases that should flag this issue:
injuryredressabilityzone of interestsstandingaggrieved
Expression Bank · how lawyers actually say it
Six function → sentence patterns. Use these in essay applications.
| Function | English sentence | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| State APA standing | APA § 702: "person ... aggrieved by agency action" has standing. | § 702：受害人有資格。 |
| Apply Article III | Plaintiff must show injury-in-fact, causation, redressability. | 須證事實傷害、因果、可救濟。 |
| Apply zone of interests | Plaintiff's interest must arguably fall within statute's zone of protection. | 利益須於法律保護領域內。 |
| Apply Lujan | Concrete and particularized injury required; speculative future harm insufficient. | Lujan：具體特定傷害；推測未來不足。 |
Rule Sentence · the workhorse
Standing to challenge agency action requires (1) Article III injury-in-fact that is concrete and particularized, fairly traceable to the challenged action, and redressable by a favorable ruling; and (2) under APA § 702 plus the zone-of-interests test, the plaintiff's interest must arguably fall within the zone of interests protected by the relevant statute.
Sentence Anatomy · 5 roles, 5 colors
Every rule sentence breaks into five visual roles.
Actor 行為人plaintiff challenging agency挑戰機關之原告
Act 行為seeking review請求審查
Object 對象agency action機關行為
Standard 法律標準Article III + zone of interests第三條 + 保護領域
Consequence 後果standing or dismissal資格或駁回
Casebook Snapshot · a real American case
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
Holding. Article III standing requires (1) concrete and particularized injury that is actual or imminent, (2) fairly traceable to defendant's conduct, and (3) likely to be redressed by favorable decision. Speculative "someday" intentions to view endangered species abroad insufficient.
Why it matters. Lujan controls modern standing — particularly in environmental and administrative cases.
Lujan：訴訟資格三要件；推測未來不足。
Common Mistakes · what trips students
✗ any interest 足以 standing。
✓ Must satisfy injury-in-fact + causation + redressability + zone of interests.
須具體傷害 + 因果 + 救濟 + 領域。
Mini IRAC · build the Application
Issue. Does an environmental organization have standing to challenge an agency rule loosening pollution standards?
Rule. Standing requires injury-in-fact concrete and particularized, traceable to the action, and redressable; under APA, the interest must fall within the statute's zone of interests.
Application (model). The organization's members live near a facility affected by the loosened pollution standards, breathing the air affected. Because injury-in-fact is satisfied by concrete impact on members' health and property and traceable to the loosened standards, the fact that members face real concrete pollution exposure and the interest aligns with environmental statutes' zone of protection means the standing requirements are satisfied.
Pick the right element for each blank:
g1.
g2.
g3.
Conclusion. Therefore, the organization has standing.
MBE Check · multiple choice
Investor seeks to challenge IRS interpretation that disadvantages his investment. Is investor within zone of interests of tax code?
Practice Drill · tap to build the rule
Drop the chips here in correct order:
Tap chips to add → tap chips in the target to remove: